Violence Prevention through Magnesium-Rich Water
by Paul Mason, Pres.
Healthy Water Association
Magnesium-deficiency causes serotonin-deficiency
1,2,3,4,5 with possible resultant aberrant behaviour,
including depression
6,7 suicide
8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17 or irrational
violence.
18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43
The US National Academy of Science's Food & Nutrition
Board has established that the average American 14 or older is
magnesium-deficient. 44 The typical American diet does
NOT provide the RDA of Mg for age 14 or older. 45
Mean Daily Intake for MALES 9 and
older is 323 mg/day. 46
| RDA for boys 14-18 is 410 mg/day. |
SHORTFALL: 87 mg/day 47 |
| RDA for males 19-30 is 400 mg/day. |
SHORTFALL: 77 mg/day
48
|
| RDA for males 31-70 is 420 mg/day. |
SHORTFALL: 97 mg/day
49
|
Mean Daily Intake for FEMALES 9 and
older is 228 mg/day. 50
| RDA for girls 14-18 is 360 mg/day |
SHORTFALL: 132 mg/day
51
|
| RDA for pregnancy 14-18 is 400 mg/day |
SHORTFALL: 172 mg/day
52
|
| RDA for women 19-30 is 310 mg/day |
SHORTFALL: 82 mg/day
53
|
| RDA for pregnancy 19-30 is 400 mg/day |
SHORTFALL: 172 mg/day
54
|
| RDA for women 31-70 is 350 mg/day. |
SHORTFALL: 122 mg/day
55
|
| RDA for pregnancy 31-50 is 360 mg/day |
SHORTFALL: 132 mg/day
56
|
Blacks and Hispanics are more magnesium-deficient than whites.
57,58
Many diseases are related to magnesium deficiency, and
may be prevented or treated with magnesium-rich
water:
Aggressive
Behavior
59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,
77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85
Alcoholism
86,87,88
Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis 89
Arrhythmia 90,91,92,93,94,95
Asthma
96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109
Attention Deficit
Disorder 110,111,112
Cancer 113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121
Cerebral Palsy 122,123,124,125
Cerebrovascular 126,127,128,129,130,131,132
Chronic Fatigue 133,134,135,136,137,138
Cluster Headaches
139
Constipation 140,141
Diabetes 142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151
Fibromyalgia 152
Fluoride Toxicity 153,154,155
Head Injuries
156
Heart-Related Conditions
157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,
173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,
189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203
HIV 204
Hypertension 205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213
Kidney Stones 214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221
Magnesium Deficiency 222,223,224,225,226
Migraine
227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238
Multiple Sclerosis 239,240,241,242
Osteoporosis 243,244,245,246
Pregnancy-related problems
247,248,249,250,251,252
Premenstrual Syndrome
253,254,255,256,257
Psychiatric Disorders
258,259,260,261,262,263,264
Rheumatoid Arthritis 265,266
Sickle Cell Disease
267,268
Sports-related problems 269,270,271,272
Stress
273
Toxic Shock 274
To meet the new RDA's for Mg established Sept. 1999 by the NAS
275 , reduce disease, and prevent violence, it is proposed that
juvenile delinquents and inmates be switched to naturally
magnesium-rich hard-water sources containing at least 100 mg/L or
fortify tap-water supplies of corrections facilities to that
level with magnesium bi-carbonate (which tastes like good, sweet
hard water). If inmates consumed 1.5 liters of Mg-rich water per
day, they would be getting 150 mg/day from water, covering the
shortfall for all non-pregnant juveniles and inmates.
No magnesium-deficient soft-drinks should be allowed, but most
other beverages would be OK, as milk skim (140 mg/L)
276 , orange juice (110 mg/L) 277 , and
chocolate (syrup 630 mg/L) 278 are rich in Mg.
Phosphate in colas inhibits uptake of Mg. 279
Anecdotal experience suggests that 300 mg/day supplementation
may yield behaviour improvements in just a few days, but
juveniles and inmates may not reliably take pills. Full repletion
may take a year. 280 More information on
magnesium-and-violence is available at violence.shtml
Juvenile delinquents and inmates are probably much more
magnesium-deficient than average due to backgrounds of alcohol,
drugs, bad diets, and stress. Magnesium deficiency is hard to
test without tissue samples, because serum levels mask
intracellular and bone levels. 281 Only extreme
magnesium deficiency shows up in serum tests.
Drugs that cause loss of body magnesium:
Alcohol 282,283,284,285,286,287,288
Alcohol-withdrawal-stress 289
Cocaine 290
Beta-adrenergic agonists 291 (for asthma)
Corticosteroids (CS) 292 (for asthma)
Theophylline 293 (for asthma)
Diuretics 294,295
Thiazide 296
Caffeine. 297,298,299
Phosphates (found in cola drinks) 300
OTHER CAUSES OF LOSS OF Mg:
Physical or mental stress 301,302
Dietary fat 303
Dietary fiber 304,305,306,307
Dietary Calcium 308,309,310,311,312
Why depend on Mg-in-water
instead of Mg in food?
There is no established way of fortifying foods with magnesium
without adversely affecting texture or flavor.
Magnesium in water is 30% more
bio-available than Mg in food.
313,314,315,316,317 The food supply has been steadily
becoming magnesium-poor since 1909. 318
1909 intake 408 mg/day
1949 intake 368 mg/day
1980 intake 349 mg/day
1985 intake 323 mg/day (men)
1985 intake 228 mg/day (women)
Explanations for the decline of magnesium in the American diet
include more food processing 319,320,321 ,
soil-exhaustion 322,323,324,325,326,327,328 , the
FDA's destruction of the American mineral water industry in the
1930's 329,330,331 , and the development of softer tap
water reservoirs to replace the hard water of streams and wells.
332,333,334,335,336,337
To get enough Mg from food, juveniles and inmates would have
to eat unprocessed foods, whole grains, and leafy greens like
spinach and broccoli. Switching to partially-whole-grain breads
and buns might be possible, but salads, spinach, and broccoli ??
Not likely.
Why depend on Mg-in-water
instead of Mg-tablets?
One reason for depending on Mg-in-water instead of issuing
supplement tablets is that participation is certain with water,
while tablets may often be discarded by subjects.
Until repletion is achieved, magnesium tablets may be useful
as an adjunct to magnesium-rich water,
but cannot be relied on as a replacement for Mg-rich water
because inmates may spit out or discard tablets. The upper limit
of intake during repletion is set by the "laxative effect" of
high intake, which for some individuals may begin with pills of
300 mg. Water-borne Mg is effectively a "divided dose" consumed
throughout the day, and no laxative effect has been noticed at
levels as high as 325 mg/liter. The NAS has addressed "upper
intake limits" in their review of Dietary Reference Intakes,
1997. 338
Tablets or pills may have an image problem ---- giving drugs
to kids. No one can complain about natural spring water that is
commonly sold in supermarkets in California, and bottled in
California. Bottled water tastes better than tap water, and
tastes much better than tablets.
Dr. Janice Jaworsky, Director of Research for the Koch Crime
Institute, states, "The Koch Crime Institute would be most
interested in pursuing this project as a partner." The Koch
Institute may be instrumental in extending the same concept to
the other 49 states, and to the public school system to prevent
violence.
Particularly in the case of juvenile wards of the state, the
DOJ may have a duty to provide its wards with the Recommended
Daily Allowance of nutrients. Magnesium is routinely used to prevent fighting and
tail-biting among hogs, and reduce stress as they are readied for
slaughter. Livestock are generally better
nutritioned than kids.
10/31/99
ENDNOTES
1 Breslau, N.; Davis, G. C. Migraine, physical health and
psychiatric disorder: a prospective epidemiologic study in young
adults. J Psychiatr Res. 1993 Apr-Jun.
2 Swanson, Don R. Migraine and Magnesium: Eleven Neglected
Connections. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 1988
Summer.
3 Mauskop, A.; Altura, B. T.; Cracco, R. Q.; Altura, B. M.
Deficiency in serum ionized magnesium but not ICa 2/IMg 2 total
in patients with migraines. Possible role of ratio. Headache.
1993 March.
4 Gallai, Virgilio; Sarchielli, Paola; Morucci, Piero;
Abbritti, Giuseppe. Red blood cell magnesium levels in migraine
patients. Cephalagia. 1993.
5 Gallai, Virgilio; Sarchielli, Paola; Coata, Giuliana;
Firenze, Caterina; Morucci, Piero; Abbritti, Giuseppe. Serum and
salivary magnesium levels in migraine. Results in a group of
juvenile patients, Headache. 1992 March.
6 Bricklin, Mark. New respect for nutritional healing.
(Editorial). v44, Prevention. Feb 1992.
7 Facchinetti, Fabio; Borella, Paola; Sances, Grazia; Fioroni,
Loredana; Nappi, Rossella E; Genazzani, Andrea R. Oral magnesium
successfully relieves premenstrual mood changes, Obstetrics and
Gynecology. 1991 August.
8 Hrdina, P. D.; Demeter, E.; Vu, T. B.; Sotonyi, P.;
Palkovits, M. 5-HT uptake sites and 5-HT2 receptors in brain of
antidepressant-free suicide victims/depressives: increase in
5-HT2 sites in cortex andamygdala. Brain Res. 1993 Jun
18.
9 Trasskman-Bendz, L.; Alling, C.; Alsen, M.; Regnell, G.;
Simonsson, Pl; Ohman, R. The role of monoamines in suicidal
behavior. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1993.
10 Naranjo, C. A.; Bremner, K. E. Behavioural correlates of
alcohol intoxication. Addiction. 1993 Jan.
11 Stein, D. J.; Hollander, E.; Liebowitz, M. R. Neurobiology
of impulsivity and the impulse control disorders. J
Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1993 Winter.
12 Spoont, M. R. Modulatory role of serotonin in neural
information processing: implications for human psychopathology.
Psychol Bull. 1992 Sep.
13 Nordstrom, P.; Asberg, M. Suicide risk and serotonin. Int
Clin Psychopharmacol. 1992 Jun.
14 Linnoila, V. M.; Virkkunen, M. Aggression, suicidality, and
serotonin. J Clin Psychiatry, 1992 Oct.
15 Mann, J. J.; McBride, P. A.: Anderson, G. M.; Mieczkowski,
T. A. Platelet and whole blood serotonin content in depressed
inpatients: correlations with acute and life-time
psychopathology. Biol Psychiatry. 1992 Aug 1.
16 Allman, William F. The Evolution of Aggression. U.S. News
and World Report. May 11, 1992, p.58.
17 Schimatschek HF, Hickl R, Classen HG: [Magnesium, calcium,
and phosphorus levels in the serum of children with functional
disorders. Preliminary data of a multicenter epidemiologic study
with special emphasis on magnesium.] Magnesium Bull 10:105-113,
1988. (in German)
18 Hrdina, P. D.; Demeter, E.; Vu, T. B.; Sotonyi, P.;
Palkovits, M. 5-HT uptake sites and 5-HT2 receptors in brain of
antidepressant-free suicide victims/depressives: increase in
5-HT2 sites in cortex andamygdala. Brain Res. 1993 Jun
18.
19 Trasskman-Bendz, L.; Alling, C.; Alsen, M.; Regnell, G.;
Simonsson, Pl; Ohman, R. The role of monoamines in suicidal
behavior. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1993.
20 Naranjo, C. A.; Bremner, K. E. Behavioural correlates of
alcohol intoxication. Addiction. 1993 Jan.
21 Stein, D. J.; Hollander, E.; Liebowitz, M. R. Neurobiology
of impulsivity and the impulse control disorders. J
Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1993 Winter.
22 Spoont, M. R. Modulatory role of serotonin in neural
information processing: implications for human psychopathology.
Psychol Bull. 1992 Sep.
23 Nordstrom, P.; Asberg, M. Suicide risk and serotonin. Int
Clin Psychopharmacol. 1992 Jun.
24 Linnoila, V. M.; Virkkunen, M. Aggression, suicidality, and
serotonin. J Clin Psychiatry, 1992 Oct.
25 Mann, J. J.; McBride, P. A.: Anderson, G. M.; Mieczkowski,
T. A. Platelet and whole blood serotonin content in depressed
inpatients: correlations with acute and life-time
psychopathology. Biol Psychiatry. 1992 Aug 1.
26 Allman, William F. The Evolution of Aggression. U.S. News
and World Report. May 11, 1992, p.58.
27 Schimatschek HF, Hickl R, Classen HG: [Magnesium, calcium,
and phosphorus levels in the serum of children with functional
disorders. Preliminary data of a multicenter epidemiologic study
with special emphasis on magnesium.] Magnesium Bull 10:105-113,
1988. (in German)
28
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=9145932&dopt=Abstract
Physiol Behav 1997 May;61(5):653-8
Mice selected for low and high blood magnesium levels: a
new model for stress studies.
Henrotte JG, Franck G, Santarromana M, Frances H, Mouton D, Motta
R
Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, C.N.R.S.,
Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
A new animal model for the study of magnesium metabolism and its
relationships with catecholamines, stress sensitivity, and
aggressive behavior.
29
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=7669506&dopt=Abstract
Magnes Res 1995 Mar;8(1):37-45
Inhibition of mouse-killing behaviour in
magnesium-deficient rats: effect of pharmacological doses of
magnesium pidolate, magnesium aspartate, magnesium lactate,
magnesium gluconate and magnesium chloride.
Bac P, Pages N, Herrenknecht C, Teste JF
Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Faculte de Pharmacie,
Chatenay-Malabry, France.
Magnesium deprivation induced interspecific aggressive behaviour
(muricidal behaviour) in rats undoubtedly attributable to
magnesium deficiency since magnesium chloride, by correcting
magnesium deficiency, suppressed it.
30
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=7800167&dopt=Abstract
Neuropsychobiology 1994;30(2-3):73-8
Plasma magnesium levels in a population of psychiatric
patients: correlations with symptoms.
Kirov GK, Birch NJ, Steadman P, Ramsey RG
Warlingham Park Hospital, UK.
Mg levels varied widely, with 22.4% below, and 10.4% above the
normal range. There was a strong association for more disturbed
and excitable patients to have abnormal (either high or low)
levels.
31
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=2508152&dopt=Abstract
Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1989;99(2):181-8
Magnesium alters the potency of cocaine and haloperidol
on mouse aggression.
Kantak KM
Department of Psychology, Boston University, MA 02215.
32
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=2880351&dopt=Abstract
Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1986 Dec;25(6):1195-9
Stimulant-like effects of magnesium on aggression in
mice.
Izenwasser SE, Garcia-Valdez K, Kantak KM
In mice injected with 125 mg/kg threat and attack behaviors were
decreased.
33
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=6215091&dopt=Abstract
C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 1982;176(3):278-82
[Inhibitory effect of magnesium on the vocalization and
fighting of cats treated with carbachol and
eserine].
[Article in French]
Samardzic R, Krstic S, Terzic B, Beleslin D
Magnesium sulfate injected into the cerebral ventricles of
conscious cats inhibited the vocalization and the
fighting
34
http://www.healthy.net/library/journals/ortho/issue7.1/Jom-mw1.htm
Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1995
Nutritional Influences on Aggressive
Behavior
Melvyn R. Werbach, M.D.
Lower levels of magnesium supplementation increase the number of
attacks on intruders while higher levels have the opposite
effect.21
35
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=1876145&dopt=Abstract
NIDA Res Monogr 1991;105:615-6
Changes in the behavioral effects of cocaine by magnesium
in squirrel monkeys.
Kantak KM
Boston Univ.
36
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=2436535&dopt=Abstract
Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986;487:221-30
Aminergic studies and cerebrospinal fluid cations in
suicide.
Banki CM, Arato M, Kilts CD
CSF magnesium was found to be significantly lower in the suicide
attempters
37
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=2578829&dopt=Abstract
Biol Psychiatry 1985 Feb;20(2):163-71
Cerebrospinal fluid magnesium and calcium related to
amine metabolites, diagnosis, and suicide
attempts.
Banki CM, Vojnik M, Papp Z, Balla KZ, Arato M
CSF magnesium was found to be significantly lower in both
depression and adjustment disorder
38
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=2578258&dopt=Abstract
Am J Psychiatry 1985 Jan;142(1):147-8
Biochemical markers for suicidal behavior.
Banki CM
39
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=837537&dopt=Abstract
Clin Chem 1977 Mar;23(3):485-9
Copper, zinc, magnesium, and calcium in plasma and
cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurological
diseases.
Bogden JD, Troiano RA, Joselow MM
40
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=2671634&dopt=Abstract
Neurol Clin 1989 Aug;7(3):509-23
Neurologic manifestations of fluid and electrolyte
disturbances.
Riggs JE
West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown.
Hypomagnesemia (hypoMg) produce CNS and PNS irritability
with seizures and tetany, respectively, being the major clinical
manifestations.
41
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=2671634&dopt=Abstract
Neurol Clin 1989 Aug;7(3):509-23
Neurologic manifestations of fluid and electrolyte
disturbances.
Riggs JE
West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown.
Hypomagnesemia (hypoMg) produce CNS and PNS irritability with
seizures and tetany, respectively, being the major clinical
manifestations.
42
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=5781962&dopt=Abstract
Br J Psychiatry 1969 Jan;115(518):69-79
Brain electrolytes in depressive and alcoholic
suicides.
Shaw DM, Frizel D, Camps FE, White S
43
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=4153287&dopt=Abstract
Psychosomatics 1971 Jul-Aug;12(4):260-72
Biochemistry of affective disorders. (A review of the
literature).
Aillon GA
44 Prepublication copy, 1997, of the Dietary Reference Intakes
for Magnesium, from the Institute of Medicine of the National
Academy of Science. Pages 6-5, 6-21, 6-22, 6-26.
exhibitk.shtml Note: The final report on Dietary
Reference Intakes (hardcover book) was released Sept. 1999, with
identical numbers and only slight refinements of
text.
45 Prepublication copy, 1997, of the Dietary Reference Intakes
for Magnesium, from the Institute of Medicine of the National
Academy of Science. exhibitk.shtml
46 Prepublication copy, 1997, of the Dietary Reference Intakes
for Magnesium, from the Institute of Medicine of the National
Academy of Science. exhibitk.shtml
47 Prepublication copy, 1997, of the Dietary Reference Intakes
for Magnesium, from the Institute of Medicine of the National
Academy of Science. exhibitk.shtml
48 Prepublication copy, 1997, of the Dietary Reference Intakes
for Magnesium, from the Institute of Medicine of the National
Academy of Science. exhibitk.shtml
49 Prepublication copy, 1997, of the Dietary Reference Intakes
for Magnesium, from the Institute of Medicine of the National
Academy of Science. exhibitk.shtml
50 Prepublication copy, 1997, of the Dietary Reference Intakes
for Magnesium, from the Institute of Medicine of the National
Academy of Science. exhibitk.shtml
51 Prepublication copy, 1997, of the Dietary Reference Intakes
for Magnesium, from the Institute of Medicine of the National
Academy of Science. exhibitk.shtml
52 Prepublication copy, 1997, of the Dietary Reference Intakes
for Magnesium, from the Institute of Medicine of the National
Academy of Science. exhibitk.shtml
53 Prepublication copy, 1997, of the Dietary Reference Intakes
for Magnesium, from the Institute of Medicine of the National
Academy of Science. exhibitk.shtml
54 Prepublication copy, 1997, of the Dietary Reference Intakes
for Magnesium, from the Institute of Medicine of the National
Academy of Science. exhibitk.shtml
55 Prepublication copy, 1997, of the Dietary Reference Intakes
for Magnesium, from the Institute of Medicine of the National
Academy of Science. exhibitk.shtml
56 Prepublication copy, 1997, of the Dietary Reference Intakes
for Magnesium, from the Institute of Medicine of the National
Academy of Science. exhibitk.shtml
57 Prepublication copy, 1997, of the Dietary Reference Intakes
for Magnesium, from the Institute of Medicine of the National
Academy of Science. Page 6-5 . exhibitk.shtml
58
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=9595243&dopt=Abstract
59
http://www.healthy.net/library/journals/ortho/issue7.1/Jom-mw1.htm
60 Hrdina, P. D.; Demeter, E.; Vu, T. B.; Sotonyi, P.;
Palkovits, M. 5-HT uptake sites and 5-HT2 receptors in brain of
antidepressant-free suicide victims/depressives: increase in
5-HT2 sites in cortex andamygdala. Brain Res. 1993 Jun
18.
61 Trasskman-Bendz, L.; Alling, C.; Alsen, M.; Regnell, G.;
Simonsson, Pl; Ohman, R. The role of monoamines in suicidal
behavior. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1993.
62 Naranjo, C. A.; Bremner, K. E. Behavioural correlates of
alcohol intoxication. Addiction. 1993 Jan.
63 Stein, D. J.; Hollander, E.; Liebowitz, M. R. Neurobiology
of impulsivity and the impulse control disorders. J
Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1993 Winter.
64 Spoont, M. R. Modulatory role of serotonin in neural
information processing: implications for human psychopathology.
Psychol Bull. 1992 Sep.
65 Nordstrom, P.; Asberg, M. Suicide risk and serotonin. Int
Clin Psychopharmacol. 1992 Jun.
66 Linnoila, V. M.; Virkkunen, M. Aggression, suicidality, and
serotonin. J Clin Psychiatry, 1992 Oct.
67 Mann, J. J.; McBride, P. A.: Anderson, G. M.; Mieczkowski,
T. A. Platelet and whole blood serotonin content in depressed
inpatients: correlations with acute and life-time
psychopathology. Biol Psychiatry. 1992 Aug 1.
68 Allman, William F. The Evolution of Aggression. U.S. News
and World Report. May 11, 1992, p.58.
69 Schimatschek HF, Hickl R, Classen HG: [Magnesium, calcium,
and phosphorus levels in the serum of children with functional
disorders. Preliminary data of a multicenter epidemiologic study
with special emphasis on magnesium.] Magnesium Bull 10:105-113,
1988. (in German)
70
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=9145932&dopt=Abstract
Physiol Behav 1997 May;61(5):653-8
Mice selected for low and high blood magnesium levels: a
new model for stress studies.
Henrotte JG, Franck G, Santarromana M, Frances H, Mouton D, Motta
R
Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, C.N.R.S.,
Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
A new animal model for the study of magnesium metabolism and its
relationships with catecholamines, stress sensitivity, and
aggressive behavior.
71
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=7669506&dopt=Abstract
Magnes Res 1995 Mar;8(1):37-45
Inhibition of mouse-killing behaviour in
magnesium-deficient rats: effect of pharmacological doses of
magnesium pidolate, magnesium aspartate, magnesium lactate,
magnesium gluconate and magnesium chloride.
Bac P, Pages N, Herrenknecht C, Teste JF
Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Faculte de Pharmacie,
Chatenay-Malabry, France.
Magnesium deprivation induced interspecific aggressive behaviour
(muricidal behaviour) in rats undoubtedly attributable to
magnesium deficiency since magnesium chloride, by correcting
magnesium deficiency, suppressed it.
72
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=7800167&dopt=Abstract
Neuropsychobiology 1994;30(2-3):73-8
Plasma magnesium levels in a population of psychiatric
patients: correlations with symptoms.
Kirov GK, Birch NJ, Steadman P, Ramsey RG
Warlingham Park Hospital, UK.
Mg levels varied widely, with 22.4% below, and 10.4% above the
normal range. There was a strong association for more disturbed
and excitable patients to have abnormal (either high or low)
levels.
73
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=2508152&dopt=Abstract
Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1989;99(2):181-8
Magnesium alters the potency of cocaine and haloperidol
on mouse aggression.
Kantak KM
Department of Psychology, Boston University, MA 02215.
74
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=2880351&dopt=Abstract
Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1986 Dec;25(6):1195-9
Stimulant-like effects of magnesium on aggression in
mice.
Izenwasser SE, Garcia-Valdez K, Kantak KM
In mice injected with 125 mg/kg threat and attack behaviors were
decreased.
75
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=6215091&dopt=Abstract
C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 1982;176(3):278-82
[Inhibitory effect of magnesium on the vocalization and
fighting of cats treated with carbachol and
eserine].
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315 Durlach, J.; Durlach, V.; Rayssiguier, Y.; Bara, M.;
Guiet-Bara, A.: Magnesium and blood pressure. II. Clinical
studies: Magnesium Research: 1992.
316 Haring, B. S. A.; Van Delft, W.: Changes in the mineral
composition of food as a result of cooking in "hard" and "soft"
waters: Archives of Environmental Health: Jan./Feb.
1981.
317 Lowik, M. R. H.; Groot, E. H.; Binnerts, W. T.: Magnesium
and public health: the impact of drinking water: Toxic Substances
in Environmental Health: 1982.
318 Prepublication copy, 1997, of the Dietary Reference
Intakes for Magnesium, from the Institute of Medicine of the
National Academy of Science. exhibitk.shtml
319 durwater.shtml
320 marier.shtml
321 SCHROEDER, H. A. 1971. Losses of vitamins and trace metals
resulting from processing and preservation of food. Am. J. Clin.
Nutr. 24: 562-573.
322 leaching.shtml
323 cancer.shtml (Medical Journal Reprint)
324 calcs.shtml (Medical Journal Reprint)
325 africa.shtml (Medical Journal Reprint)
326 alturacv.shtml (Medical Journal Reprint)
327 dur05.shtml (Medical Journal Reprint)
328 Karppanen, H.; Neuvonen, P. J.: Ischaemic heart-disease
and soil magnesium in Finland; Water hardness and magnesium in
heart-muscle: The Lancet, Dec. 15, 1973.
329 Exhibit O Letters from the Archivist of the American
Medical Association concerning prosecution of mineral
water.
330 Exhibit P Excerpts from the book, Crazy Water --- The
Story of Mineral Wells and Other Texas Health Resorts.
331 Amended Complaint, Points and Authorities, page 7,
paragraphs 21-27: "In the Archives of Historical Health Fraud
Collection, maintained by the American Medical Association, there
are 57 large boxes containing files on water and mineral water
companies investigated and prosecuted or persecuted by the FDA,
AMA, DOJ, etc
The AMA archivist, Dr. John Zwicky, wrote to plaintiff that,
"chemical analyses of the products themselves (revealed) the
water was usually anything but pure, clean water (resulting in)
notices of federal judgements against the companies. The
Historical Health Fraud Collection also has some records of
federal agencies such as the Federal Trade Commission, which
prosecuted companies for misbranding or other offenses. For other
records of federal action against individual companies...contact
the FDA... Likewise with the Federal Trade Commission.
Dr. Zwicky's comments indicate the vast extent of the
persecution of mineral waters in the United States by the
organized powers of government ----- anything other than "pure,
clean water" was persecuted, until the American mineral water
industry ceased to exist, save for a few small mom-and-pop
companies, despite the now-overwhelming scientific evidence of
the benefits of Mg-rich water.
48F2d.378 concerns a bottled "healing" mineral water from a
spring well-regarded by the Catawba Indians, and named by them in
their language, "Healing Water", which was prosecuted by the FDA
without a hearing. The District Judge wrote, "We make the finding
that this water at the time of trial was free from the criticisms
made of it and will continue to be free. We make this finding
because the claimants have introduced evidence through the
testimony of experts to this effect, which is uncontradicted."
Clearly, the FDA was on an unjustified witch-hunt against this
"healing water," and attempted to use the Department of Justice
as a tool for this persecution.
In 1933, the FDA sent it's "Chamber of Horrors" exhibit of
allegedly dangerous products to Chicago's "Century of Progress
Exposition", and included Crazy Water mineral crystals in the
exhibit. The crystals contained magnesium and other minerals, and
were derived from the evaporation of mineral water, for the
purpose of making "instant mineral water" by dissolving the
crystals in ordinary, low-TDS tap water. Ref: "Crazy Water -- The
Story of Mineral Wells and Other Texas Health Resorts", Gene
Fowler, Texas Christian University Press, 1991. Vice President
Garner ordered the FDA to remove the Crazy Water crystals from
its Chamber of Horrors.
The same source cites a booklet by the AMA's Bureau of
Investigation, detailing numerous prosecutions by the FDA of
mineral water companies. The AMA booklet stated, "No mineral
water will be accepted by the medical profession for alleged
medicinal properties supported only by testimonials from bucolic
statesmen or romantic old ladies." The AMA and FDA have never
recanted their disapproval of mineral water, despite overwhelming
and conclusive scientific evidence of the benefits of magnesium
in water.
The same source recites, "In April, 1991, a congressional
sub-committee released a report stating that plain tap water,
which costs a fraction of the price of bottled water, may in some
cases actually be safer. Blaming lax FDA regulations, the report
cited nearly two dozen 1990 cases of bottled water recalls due to
the presence of benzene, styrene or mold. (IBWA's) Scoville
expressed exasperation with the subcommittee's action, stating
that he and others in the industry have been requesting the FDA
to adopt stricter regulations for the last 11 years." This is
indicative of the continuing antipathy between the FDA and the
bottled water industry to the year 1991."
332 Exhibit A Magnesium content of bottled waters from around
the world, consolidated from two books: (1) The Good Water Guide,
by Maureen & Timothy Green, Rosendale Press, London, 1994.
(2) The Pocket Guide to Bottled Water, by Arthur von
Wiesenberger, Contemporary Books, Chicago, 1991.
333 Exhibit J USGS study of 91,429 representative stream water
samples of magnesium content of American streams.
334 Exhibit E --- From California Dept. of Drinking Water,
list of licensed wells containing over 90 mg/L
magnesium.
335 Exhibit E --- From Texas Dept. of Natural Resources, list
of Texas wells containing over 100 mg/L magnesium.
336 Exhibit PP Web search for "pure water"
purveyors.
337 Exhibit BB Abstract of medical journal Article #1, average
magnesium content of US tap waters.
338 Prepublication copy, 1997, of the Dietary Reference
Intakes for Magnesium, from the Institute of Medicine of the
National Academy of Science. exhibitk.shtml
This page was first uploaded to The Magnesium Web Site on
November 3, 1999
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Healthy Water
Association--USA